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in march of 2015 nasa embarked on a

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milestone mission in microgravity human

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research

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not only are astronauts scott kelly and

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cosmonaut mikhail korninko spending one

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year in space but both scott kelly and

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his identical twin back on earth mark

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are participating in a set of 10 focused

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investigations

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the space environment including

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microgravity radiation and other

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stressors affect the astronauts on a

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molecular level and how changes at this

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fundamental level may affect overall

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changes in astronaut health and

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well-being results from these

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investigations will allow us to better

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understand factors that influence aging

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cancer immune responses risk factors for

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diseases and treatments for those of us

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on earth

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many of these studies concentrate on the

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basic functions of our cells while

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others concentrate on how cellular

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changes correlate with physiology

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performance and behavior

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within the cell's nucleus lie the

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individual recipe books of our bodies

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chromosomes hold tightly packed strands

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of dna and are capped with a special

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repeated sequence of dna called a

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telomere the length of telomeres shorten

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as we age or are subjected to stress

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inside the chromosome reveals proteins

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called histones which are responsible

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rna is made from dna through a process

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proteins are made from rna through a

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proteins are essential in all living

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organisms and are involved in metabolism

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the structure of every cell and organ

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motion our senses the immune response

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this entire process affects other

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and urine samples are being collected to

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provide a database on biochemical

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changes that may occur as a result of

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the spaceflight environment

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scientists will not only look for

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changes but how they occur over time

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in space aspects of the immune system

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appear to be weakened which could lead

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to infections other aspects appear to be

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overactive which could cause allergy or

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hypersensitivity

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mark and scott's response to a flu

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vaccine will be studied in hopes of

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providing further clues to this

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phenomenon

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monitoring arterial structure will

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enable scientists to observe any

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macroscopic changes in blood vessels

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these will be compared to changes at the

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molecular level in order to reveal

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possible correlations

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fluid ships on orbit can affect

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intracranial pressure and cause visual

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impairment

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experiments are being run to discover if

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fluid ships might correlate with any

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molecular changes

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cognitive performance is crucial for

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mission success

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neuropsychological tests are being

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performed to compare how cognitive

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performance changes over time these

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changes will be compared to molecular

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markers in order to reveal possible

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correlations

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bacteria help us digest food and

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contribute to immune system function

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knowing how these microorganisms change

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over time in space can help us protect

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astronauts health on long-duration space

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data from all of these studies will be

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combined into one complete analysis in

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order to form a comprehensive picture of

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how the human body responds to space

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flight

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since the experiments are being run on

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only one set of twins

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definitive answers are not expected

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instead the comparison of this data will